Explanatory Synthesis Essay (phone dangers) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Explanatory Synthesis (phone dangers) - Essay Example m to connect to their offices, plus the young adults who use these gadgets for entertainment (Sutko and Souza 811), it is impossible to ignore how this gadget can play a big role in an individuals life. The dangers associated with dependence on the gadget is not necessarily a psychological one, but rather, a physical one. While it can be argued that mobile phones provide people with â€Å"the ease and comfort of being able to contact family members immediately, or even being able to use it during emergencies† (Sutko and Souza 813-4), there is still considerable danger in the use of these gadgets. More people nowadays are able to purchase the gadget, while networks try so hard to keep up with the number of subscribers they can accommodate. While this may seem to be merely a business issue, as consumers, people should also understand what dangers lie under the presumption that mobile phones can be used for emergencies when in reality, a network being more and more crowded in time may prove this impossible. While that may still be under considerable argument, accidents caused by mobile phones is something that has been happening for decades. According to statistics, cell phone use causes over 300, 000 vehicle-related injuries and over 2, 500 vehicle-related deaths annually. These figures are out of the estimated 7 million vehicle-related accidents in the country per year (Blettner and Berg 927). That means mobile phone use is responsible for around 4.5% of vehicle-related accidents in the whole united States. For such a small gadget, this is such a big number. And for such a widely-used and relied on necessity, this is such a bothering fact. While some may argue that hands-free phone may resolve the issue, one has to consider that the advent of hands-free phones did not significantly reduce the number of mobile-phone related motor accidents in the past years (Blettner and Berg 931). Furthermore, the hidden dangers of mobile phone use associated with radiation (Zur,

Advantages of working from home Essay Example for Free

Advantages of working from home Essay There is a trend towards making jobs more mobile and allowing employees to access work remotely from home. Technology has also made a great contribution allowing people to work from home. Equipments such as computers, facsimile machines, telephones etc. have revolutionized the work industry and this trend has helped employers, employees and the state at large. An International Telework Association survey found that the number of teleworking employees grew from 41.3 million in 2003 to 44.4 million in 2005 and projects that number to climb to 51 million by 2008 (Marcia Reed-Woodard, Dec 2005). For a company, employees working from home may save them time, space and money. But for an employee, the benefits are much greater. In addition to the above mentioned factors, the employees benefit with flexibility in working hours, avoid distractions and family commitments are easily fulfilled. The greatest advantage is the time factor which can make the job much comfortable working from home. Often at times, time, becomes your ally, expanding or contracting to conform to specific work assignments. The pressure to finish the work or to look busy even when you are not, is eliminated. Therefore, you can fix your own work hours, more or less, as required. You do not have to reach work on time or give a reason for being late, relieving everyday stress. In an event of sickness, you do not need to get a medical or present a reason to the boss. You can still get some work done instead of remaining idle at home. Lunch can be managed and repair works can be done easily while being at home. You can set your own target and get maximum work done according to your wish. You avoid getting in traffic by driving for long hours to get to work and hence you save on fuel charges, car maintenance and also your precious time. Even if you take a two hour lunch no one can punish you as you are your own boss. Secondly, you avoid distractions around you while working at home. You can avoid difficult co-workers who can make your life stressful at work. Also bullies and gossipers can be avoided to give a good peace of mind. Sometimes there are office politics, like the boss favours some one and constantly looks at what you are doing. This calamity avoided can become a boon in concentrating on more work and reaping more benefits since peacefully you can get extra work done without having to face comments from co-workers or boss on the spot. At work you may come in contact with customers who are offensive, abusive etc. while at home no such instances can bother you. Thirdly, you can be with your family and get your work done simultaneously. The notion that parents do not spend time with children can be avoided and proper care can be taken of them at home. Children get more attention and life can be healthier when people around you are happy, and this can boost your self confidence and esteem. If any family member is sick or needs to get some attention, then this task is easily accomplished as you are your own boss. You can take your own decisions at your own will. Members of the family can be of great help when you have a large amount of work such as, typing a report, which can be done by anyone mature enough in the house or also your close friend or relative. Children can have an opportunity to see what their parents do for a living. The financial benefits are also very attractive. Instead of waiting for a boss to give you a raise or a promotion, the amount of money you can earn is directly related to your own performance. Whether the business is the sole means of support or a secondary income, its earning potential is up to you. These days, people who have been frequently shut out of job markets, for example, homemakers, students, retirees, to name a few, can use their home business to create new income opportunities. You save on travel expenses and you do not have to send your children to nurseries if you can be at home, so substantial savings can be made. In conclusion, working from home can be very relaxing and comfortable. We can see that working from home increases efficiency due to fewer distractions, and much greater benefits are reaped due to less stress and office complications. Today more people have home-based businesses, which increases the use of new ideas to generate income. Hence, working from home can be very rewarding and it may be a dream come true if in the future you own a business with your own ideas and independent thinking. References: -Scarry, Sandra and John Scarry. The writers workplace 6th  edition. http://choosing-careers.suite101.com/article.cfm/five_reasons_to_be_self_employedhttp://ezinearticles.com/?7-Benefits-of-Working-At-Homeid=51130http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCESitemId=1073791632

The Best Things :: Essays Papers

The Best Things Recently, there has been a television commercial that has the saying â€Å"there are some things money can’t buy.† The story â€Å"The Practical Heart† by Allan Gurganus could be used for this ad. It is about a wealthy family who is forced into poverty when they visit America. Her family heritage, the way in which she gets the painting, and the painting itself are all factors in Muriel restoring her family dignity. Muriel’s family heritage is a factor because without it dignity is not there to be restored. They lived on a seven-acre compound called â€Å"Sunnyside.† Sunnyside had a big stone house and an orchard. The father was a writer and Professor who had published four books. He was educated by tutors at his home. He was skilled in Greek and Latin and could recite three-day's worth of poetry. Muriel, the eldest daughter, was a child prodigy on the piano and had received excellent notices. All of this is a reason for Muriel to have the portrait done. Her family is now living in poverty and is looked down upon by people who should be looking up. By having the portrait done, the dignity the family once had can be restored. â€Å"He saved you, and, with you, redeemed your clan’s tarnished dignity†(39). Muriel sees that Sargent can capture the truth in his paintings and believes that he will be able to capture the true beauty inside her. The way in which Muriel goes about getting the painting is also a factor because it is the only way to achieve her goal. Muriel saves and sacrifices for years in order to have the means to visit Sargent. When she is finally able to go, she knows that she must conduct herself in a manner that gives respect to the great artist. â€Å"Knowing they would need the added respectability its notepaper afforded†(47), she stays in the village’s best hotel. She tours churches to give the appearance of not travelling all the way only for the painting. She wears her best clothes and converses with Sargent knowingly. She plays the part of someone who is worthy of being painted by the great one. Had Muriel not gone about it in the manner she did, the painting would never have came to be. The Best Things :: Essays Papers The Best Things Recently, there has been a television commercial that has the saying â€Å"there are some things money can’t buy.† The story â€Å"The Practical Heart† by Allan Gurganus could be used for this ad. It is about a wealthy family who is forced into poverty when they visit America. Her family heritage, the way in which she gets the painting, and the painting itself are all factors in Muriel restoring her family dignity. Muriel’s family heritage is a factor because without it dignity is not there to be restored. They lived on a seven-acre compound called â€Å"Sunnyside.† Sunnyside had a big stone house and an orchard. The father was a writer and Professor who had published four books. He was educated by tutors at his home. He was skilled in Greek and Latin and could recite three-day's worth of poetry. Muriel, the eldest daughter, was a child prodigy on the piano and had received excellent notices. All of this is a reason for Muriel to have the portrait done. Her family is now living in poverty and is looked down upon by people who should be looking up. By having the portrait done, the dignity the family once had can be restored. â€Å"He saved you, and, with you, redeemed your clan’s tarnished dignity†(39). Muriel sees that Sargent can capture the truth in his paintings and believes that he will be able to capture the true beauty inside her. The way in which Muriel goes about getting the painting is also a factor because it is the only way to achieve her goal. Muriel saves and sacrifices for years in order to have the means to visit Sargent. When she is finally able to go, she knows that she must conduct herself in a manner that gives respect to the great artist. â€Å"Knowing they would need the added respectability its notepaper afforded†(47), she stays in the village’s best hotel. She tours churches to give the appearance of not travelling all the way only for the painting. She wears her best clothes and converses with Sargent knowingly. She plays the part of someone who is worthy of being painted by the great one. Had Muriel not gone about it in the manner she did, the painting would never have came to be.

Vegetables - Its Whats for Dinner Essay -- Vegetarianism Vegetarian

Vegetables - It's What's for Dinner James Garner, a washed-up hollywood celebrity, was paid by the meat board to tout beef as, "Real food for real people." In April of 1988, James Garner underwent a quintuple coronary artery bypass surgery (Realities 1989). This is just one of the shocking side effects of consumption of meat. "The practice of vegetarianism involves eating vegetable products and not consuming meat, fish, and in many instances, egg and dairy products." ("Vegetarianism"). Thus, a vegetarian diet can benefit individuals as well as the world. Vegetarianism is a very healthy, environmentally aware, animal friendly lifestyle. There are three major types of vegetarians. Lacto-ovo-vegetarians do not eat meat, but will consume dairy and egg products. Lacto-vegetarians do not eat meat or eggs, but will consume dairy products. Vegans consume no animal products of any kind (Farley, 12). In most cases, Vegans avoid leather, fur, wool, silk and other products made from animals. Advocacy of a non-meat diet, dates back to the middle of the first millennium. In fact, the first recorded teachings of non-meat diets, are the teachings of Pythagoras of Samos around five hundred and thirty b.c. From Plato onward, many Roman and Greek philosophers and writers advocated vegetarianism as an ethical way of life. Also, during the humanitarianism of the 17th and 18th centuries, sensitiveness to animal suffering began ("Vegetarianism"). Vegetarianism has firm roots in religion. It was practiced originally in connection with religious purification rituals. Many religious groups follow vegetarian diets. They consider eating flesh gluttonous, cruel and wasteful. In the Roman Catholic Church, Trappist monks have practiced vegetarianism... ...ion. Most horrifying is the fact that bulls raised for food production are often castrated without any type of anesthesia or pain-killers. Veal calves are force-fed and iron deficient, anemia-producing diet, never solid foods. (The Vegetarian Youth Network). Its quite obvious that a vegetarian diet for the whole world can benefit mankind and animals. Works Cited The Crazy Vegetarian. [Online] http://www.crazyveg.com. Farley, D. "More People Trying Vegetarian Diets." FDA Consumer Oct.1995:10- 13. Quick, S. "Eating Vegetarian? How to do it the Healthy Way." Glamour Sept. 1995:64. Realities 1989. [Online] http://www.cs.unc.edu/~barman/realities1989.html. Vegan Action. [Online] http://www.vegan.org/info.html#anchor707384. Vegetarian Youth Network. [Online] http://www.geocities.com/RodeoDrive/1154. "Vegetarianism." Compton's Encyclopedia 1995ed.

Human Nature In Society

The roots of human nature are sunk deep into our history and experiences. When in our own lives we are to find the basis of our human nature, we must look to our early years, the formative years. Now take for example if we placed a newborn in the wild or in a high-class, well-mannered, wealthy family. The human nature of the newborn in the wild will be exactly that, wild and chaotic. While on the other hand the newborn in the well-mannered society will be well mannered and moralistic. Human nature is defined by the values that are taught and the values that society defines, if there are no societal values, human nature is doomed and lessened to that of wolves. Society defines the values and morals for its people to live by, common values. These values affect human nature and affect the way an even slightly self-conscious person behaves. An example of one of these societal values is table manners. Society has defined over hundreds of years of history to eat accompanied by utensils. Society also has set the value and that eating with your bare hands is un-civilized. Another example of a moralistic standard is not to steal. This value is taught by our parents and members of the society, the human society. So human nature has a conscience because of social morals and values. The formation and situation of human nature is dependent on these guidelines. Some peoples human nature may be to steal, maybe to survive but most humans have this as a wrong. Most people have developed a database of right and wrong. Although without society or modern civilization, human nature is reduced to a mind-frame of everyone for themselves and to basically survive. Without civilization Human nature is the same as the instinctual behavior of any human, eat drink, and sleep. Human nature is what separates humans from monkeys. Human nature as a balance of good and evil, humans can use their brain power for good or evil. Some aspects of human nature I encounter are events such as to decide between right and wrong, cause and effect. Human nature forms its basis of teachings at an early age. If you and I are taught good and right early on then our nature will be more knowledgeable and perhaps better. General human nature is different than individual but not by much. Generally, humans are a species that thrive to better their own lives and if possible others lives also. Human Nature also inhibits the qualities of greed, ambition, pride etc. The job of humans is to conform, to an extent, to society and its standards and values. Humans control or do not present these negative or positive aspects. Individually speaking, some people are more greedy than others, some more kind. Even though human nature includes many different aspects, most civilized humans, their nature is to an extent abide by widely accepted moral values. On simple value would be to live and let live, and if possible help. A societal value I am faced with everyday is to be kind and generous or at least to be polite to other fellow human beings. We can think of human nature to follow a kind of moral code such as many religions encourage. Encompassing all, human nature is not the pursuit of humanitarianism but the pursuit of once again, control or present certain qualities of ones characteristics and do this within the guidelines of society or on a larger scale humanity. Human nature is defined by the values that are taught and the values that society defines, if there are no societal values, humans are no different than animals in the wild. Human nature has aspects including love, greed, and ambition which dogs do not. But at the crux, humans do attempt, basically, to survive. Human nature is very complex in the task of approximating individual traits but when speaking of humanity all together its nature is different than animals in that we use our unique characteristics. Humans have wants and desires and also are capable of helping others in need.

The Effects of Illegal Immigration

The Effects of Illegal Immigration Free Online Research Papers According to an article in USA today, â€Å"Illegal Immigration population declines† Thomas Frank writes, â€Å"The number of illegal immigrants in the USA fell for the first time in at least four years, as the nations tough economy discourages people from sneaking into the USA†. Illegal immigration has been on an all time rise for the last 4 to five years, as the nations economy struggles to stay out of a depression. I believe illegal immigration has a great effect on how the economy is doing. It cost the nation millions and billions of dollars to pay for the problems that also come with illegal immigration. One large problem is the smuggling of drugs and other illegal things that come over are borders, with an already rising problem with gangs and drug cartels in the southwestern states illegal immigrants from Mexico only intensifies the problem. Another issue with illegal immigration is the already struggling healthcare in the United States many illegal immigrants ar e having babies therefore making there children U.S. citizens and force are hospitals to care for the mother and child for free or in other wards making the other U.S. citizens pay for through taxes and expensive healthcare costs. We also have many U.S. citizens struggling there selves and in some cases illegal immigrants are being taken care of instead of our own people who are here illegally. Also, with the state of the nations economy the government does not have the money to be spending on trying to stop the immigrants in the united states. The United States also has problems with Jail overcrowding especially in the southern states close to the United States border According to the Federation for American Immigration Reform, over the past five years more than 72,000 illegal criminal aliens have been arrested on drug charges alone. In 1999 29 percent of United States jail population consisted of illegal immigrants. I believe we should not jail and I think it would be cheaper to p ut them on a bus and send them back to there own country thus cutting out the problem of Jail overcrowding and reducing the costs of them living in our jails and spending taxpayers money on things like the food they eat and the cost to provide surveillance for these illegal criminal aliens. The final and one of the worst problems that comes with illegal immigration is the fact that many of these immigrants will work for less than minimum wage. The why this is a problem is because there is a reason for minimum wage in this country so that everyone gets somewhat of a honest pay for a days work but when an illegal immigrant will work for nothing then greedy employers will hire these immigrants so they can make more money off there business illegally. This also takes jobs away from U.S. citizens who want to work for an honest days pay. With the United States rising unemployment rates we can not afford to give jobs out to people that are here illegally. Illegal immigration devastates our economy in the United States in all of these ways and makes it harder for the honest citizens of the United States to live in there own country. Many people may argue that the United States was founded and built on immigration but the country was not built on illegal immigration. The united states already allow immigrants into our country legally. There is no good that comes out of illegal immigration because there is no moderation of it we are just having a free for all at the borders and there fore letting criminals and maybe even terrorist into the United States illegally and un-detected. I think that one of the main reasons that people come into our country illegally is because of the state of there country and the way they have live. Also people that come into our country illegally are not always bad people many of them are just desperate for a way to make a better life for there selves and there families. When illegal immigrants can make 2 dollars an hour in the united states compared to what if anything they can make in there own country they jump to the idea of a wealthy life in the united states. I do not blame people for trying to have a better life for themselves in the United States but they have to do it legally which is some times hard to do when you have so many people trying to get into the country. Many illegal immigrants are bad though many illegal immigrants that come into the country are sometimes drug smugglers and are often related to gangs and many drug cartels such as the Mexican mafia and gangs of those sorts. The United States is a great place to live for an honest American citizen but many illegal immigrants are making it hard to live and more expensive to live in this country. Illegal immigration is greatly affecting our country and is no good for anybody in this country. The number of illegal immigrants has reduced since the downfall of our economy and the recession we are in. I believe the reason for the number of illegal immigrants is falling little by little now is because our economy is not as great as it was and is making our country less opportunistic. Our country economy now is also making immigrants less motivated to try to come over here illegally when not even a regular American citizen can find a good job. I think that the illegal immigrants are also realizing in some cases that are country is going through hard times and it may not be worth it for them to try to come here illegally. If I was an citizen of another country I would not want to come to this country to live unless I had a career already setup for me here like some from the district of Columbia come here to play professional baseball, or like a citizen of Canada or Russia would come here to play hockey or football. The reason we have illegally immigrants is simply because our c ountry is a great place to live compared to Mexico. In Mexico the conditions of living are very dirty and bad, there is trash in the streets all over and the water system is terrible. Many Americans can get sick from drinking the water in Mexico if they are not use to it. There is also a very big crime rate in Mexico due to the rising drug problem they have with rival gangs fighting for control of certain territories to sell and transport there drugs to United States. Also there a many kidnapping in Mexico by gangs for bribes to get money out of the families of the victim also another way to make money for the gangs and drug cartels. Money creates a serious problem for all people, people will do almost anything to get there hands on a dollar. I believe this is why we have such a problem with illegal immigration. From every aspect of illegal immigration there is always money from the cost of illegal immigration to our country to the amount of money the illegal immigrants can earn once they get into our country. So I believe we stop giving the illegal immigrant money when they come over here to make it and we stop the problem of illegal immigration because that is what keeps driving the immigrants over to our country. Research Papers on The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyWhere Wild and West MeetBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

The 20 Most Useful Rhetorical Devices

The 20 Most Useful Rhetorical Devices SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Rhetoric is the art of effective communication; if you communicate with others at all, rhetorical devices are your friends! Rhetorical devices help you make points more effectively, and help people understand you better. In this article, I'll be covering some important rhetorical devices so you can improve your own writing! What Are Rhetorical Devices? A lot of things that you would think of as just regular everyday modes of communicating are actually rhetorical devices That’s because ‘rhetorical devices’ is more or less a fancy way of saying ‘communication tools.’ Most people don’t plan out their use of rhetorical devices in communication, both because nobody thinks, â€Å"now would be a good time to use synecdoche in this conversation with my grocery clerk,† and because we use them so frequently that they don’t really register as â€Å"rhetorical devices.† How often have you said something like, â€Å"when pigs fly!† Of those times, how often have you thought, â€Å"I’m using a rhetorical device!† That’s how ubiquitous they are! However, being aware of what they are and how to use them can strengthen your communication, whether you do a lot of big speeches, write persuasive papers, or just argue with your friends about a TV show you all like. Rhetorical devices can function at all levels: words, sentences, paragraphs, and beyond. Some rhetorical devices are just a single word, such as onomatopoeia. Others are phrases, such as metaphor, while still others can be sentence-length (such as a thesis), paragraph-length (hypophora), or go throughout the entire piece, such as a standard five-paragraph essay. Many of these (such as the thesis or five-paragraph essay) are so standard and familiar to us that we may not think of them as devices. But because they help us shape and deliver our arguments effectively, they're important to know and understand. Busting out a dictionary isn't the most efficient way to learn rhetorical devices. The Most Useful Rhetorical Devices List It would be impossible to list every single rhetorical device in one blog post. Instead, I've collected a mixture of extremely common devices you may have heard before and some more obscure ones that might be valuable to learn. Amplification Amplification is a little similar to parallelism: by using repetition, a writer expands on an original statement and increases its intensity. Take this example from Roald Dahl’s The Twits: â€Å"If a person has ugly thoughts, it begins to show on the face. And when that person has ugly thoughts every day, every week, every year, the face gets uglier and uglier until you can hardly bear to look at it.A person who has good thoughts cannot ever be ugly. You can have a wonky nose and a crooked mouth and a double chin and stick-out teeth, but if you have good thoughts it will shine out of your face like sunbeams and you will always look lovely.† In theory, we could have gotten the point with the first sentence. We don’t need to know that the more you think ugly thoughts, the uglier you become, nor that if you think good thoughts you won’t be ugly- all that can be contained within the first sentence. But Dahl’s expansion makes the point clearer, driving home the idea that ugly thoughts have consequences. Amplification takes a single idea and blows it up bigger, giving the reader additional context and information to better understand your point. You don’t just have to restate the point- use amplification to expand and dive deeper into your argument to show readers and listeners how important it is! Anacoluthon Anacoluthon is a fancy word for a disruption in the expected grammar or syntax of a sentence. That doesn’t mean that you misspoke- using anacoluthon means that you’ve deliberately subverted your reader’s expectations to make a point. For example, take this passage from King Lear: â€Å"I will have such revenges on you both, That all the world shall- I will do such things, What they are, yet I know not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this passage, King Lear interrupts himself in his description of his revenge. This has multiple effects on the reader: they wonder what all the world shall do once he has his revenge (cry? scream? fear him?), and they understand that King Lear has interrupted himself to regain his composure. This tells us something about him- that he’s seized by passion in this moment, but also that he regains control. We might have gathered one of those things without anacoluthon, but the use of this rhetorical device shows us both very efficiently. Anadiplosis Anadiplosis refers to purposeful repetition at the end of one sentence or clause and at the beginning of the next sentence or clause. In practice, that looks something like a familiar phrase from Yoda: â€Å"Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering.† Note the way that the ending word of each sentence is repeated in the following sentence. That’s anadiplosis! This rhetorical device draws a clear line of thinking for your reader or listener- repetition makes them pay closer attention and follow the way the idea evolves. In this case, we trace the way that fear leads to suffering through Yoda’s purposeful repetition. When life gives you lemons, use antanagoge! Antanagoge Antanagoge is the balancing of a negative with a positive. For example, the common phrase, â€Å"When life gives you lemons, make lemonade,† is antanagoge- it suggests a negative (lots of lemons) and follows that up with a positive (make lemonade). When writing persuasively, this can be a great way to respond to potential detractors of your argument. Suppose you want to convince your neighborhood to add a community garden, but you think that people might focus on the amount of work required. When framing your argument, you could say something like, â€Å"Yes, it will be a lot of work to maintain, but working together will encourage us all to get to know one another as well as providing us with fresh fruits, vegetables, and flowers.† This is a little like procatalepsis, in that you anticipate a problem and respond to it. However, antanagoge is specifically balancing a negative with a positive, just as I did in the example of a garden needing a lot of work, but that work is what ultimately makes the project worth it. Apophasis Apophasis is a form of irony relating to denying something while still saying it. You’ll often see this paired with phrases like, â€Å"I’m not saying†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"It goes without saying†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , both of which are followed up with saying exactly what the speaker said they weren’t going to say. Take this speech from Iron Man 2: "I'm not saying I'm responsible for this country's longest run of uninterrupted peace in 35 years! I'm not saying that from the ashes of captivity, never has a phoenix metaphor been more personified! I'm not saying Uncle Sam can kick back on a lawn chair, sipping on an iced tea, because I haven't come across anyone man enough to go toe to toe with me on my best day! It's not about me." Tony Stark isn’t saying that he’s responsible for all those things†¦ except that’s exactly what he is saying in all of his examples. Though he says it’s not about him, it clearly is- all of his examples relate to how great he is, even as he proclaims that they aren’t. A scene like this can easily be played for humor, but apophasis can also be a useful (albeit deceptive) rhetorical tool. For example, this argument: Our neighborhood needs a community garden to foster our relationships with one another. Not only is it great for getting to know each other, but a community garden will also provide us with all kinds of fresh fruit and vegetables. It would be wrong to say that people who disagree aren’t invested in others’ health and wellness, but those who have the neighborhood’s best interests in mind will support a community garden. That last sentence is all apophasis. Not only did I imply that people who don’t support the community garden are anti-social and uncaring (by outright stating that I wouldn’t say that, but I also implied that they’re also not invested in the neighborhood at all. Stating things like this, by pretending you’re not saying them or saying the opposite, can be very effective. Assonance and Alliteration Assonance adds an abundance of attractive accents to all your assertions. That’s assonance- the practice repeating the same vowel sound in multiple words in a phrase or sentence, often at the beginning of a word, to add emphasis or musicality to your work. Alliteration is similar, but uses consonant sounds instead of vowel sounds. Let’s use Romeo and Juliet as an example again: â€Å"From forth the fatal loins of these two foes; A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life.† Here, we have repetition of the sounds ‘f’ and ‘l’ in ‘from forth...fatal...foes,’ and ‘loins...lovers...life.’ Even if you don’t notice the repetition as you’re reading, you can hear the effects in how musical the language sounds. Shakespeare could easily have just written something like, â€Å"Two kids from families who hate one another fell in love and died by suicide,† but that’s hardly as evocative as the phrasing he chose. Both assonance and alliteration give your writing a lyrical sound, but they can do more than that, too. These tools can mimic associated sounds, like using many ‘p’ sounds to sound like rain or something sizzling, or ‘s’ sounds to mimic the sounds of a snake. When you’re writing, think about what alternative meanings you can add by emphasizing certain sounds. Asterismos Listen, asterismos is great. Don’t believe me? How did you feel after I began the first sentence with the word ‘listen?’ Even if you didn’t feel more inspired to actually listen, you probably paid a bit more attention because I broke the expected form. That’s what asterismos is- using a word or phrase to draw attention to the thought that comes afterward. ‘Listen’ isn’t the only example of asterismos, either. You can use words like, ‘hey,’ ‘look,’ ‘behold,’ ‘so,’ and so on. They all have the same effect: they tell the reader or listener, â€Å"Hey, pay attention- what I’m about to say is important.† Dysphemism and Euphemism Euphemism is the substitution of a more pleasant phrase in place of a familiar phrase, and dysphemism is the opposite- an unpleasant phrase substituted in place of something more familiar.These tools are two sides of the same coin. Euphemism takes an unpleasant thing and makes it sound nicer- such as using 'passed away' instead of 'died'- while dysphemism does the opposite, taking something that isn't necessarily bad and making it sound like it is. We won’t get into the less savory uses of dysphemism, but there are plenty that can leave an impression without being outright offensive. Take ‘snail mail.’ A lot of us call postal mail that without any real malice behind it, but ‘snail’ implies slowness, drawing a comparison between postal mail and faster email. If you’re making a point about how going electronic is faster, better for the environment, and overall more efficient, comparing email to postal mail with the phrase ‘snail mail’ gets the point across quickly and efficiently. Likewise, if you're writing an obituary, you probably don't want to isolate the audience by being too stark in your details. Using gentler language, like 'passed away' or 'dearly departed' allows you to talk about things that might be painful without being too direct. People will know what you mean, but you won't have to risk hurting anyone by being too direct and final with your language. Generally, fiction books are where you'll find epilogues. Epilogue You’ve no doubt run into epilogues before, because they’re a common and particularly useful rhetorical device! Epilogues are a conclusion to a story or work that reveals what happens to the characters in the story. This is different from an afterword, which is more likely to describe the process of a book’s creation than to continue and provide closure to a story. Many books use epilogues to wrap up loose ends, usually taking place in the future to show how characters have changed as a result of their adventures. Both Harry Potter and The Hunger Games series use their epilogues to show the characters as adults and provide some closure to their stories- in Harry Potter, the main characters have gotten married and had children, and are now sending those children to the school where they all met. This tells the reader that the story of the characters we know is over- they’re adults and are settled into their lives- but also demonstrates that the world goes on existing, though it’s been changed forever by the actions of the familiar characters. Eutrepismus Eutrepismus is another rhetorical device you’ve probably used before without realizing it. This device separates speech into numbered parts, giving your reader or listener a clear line of thinking to follow. Eutrepismus is a great rhetorical device- let me tell you why. First, it’s efficient and clear. Second, it gives your writing a great sense of rhythm. Third, it’s easy to follow and each section can be expanded throughout your work. See how simple it is? You got all my points in an easy, digestible format. Eutrepismus helps you structure your arguments and make them more effective, just as any good rhetorical device should do. Hypophora You’ve probably used hypophora before without ever thinking about it. Hypophora refers to a writer or speaker proposing a question and following it up with a clear answer. This is different from a rhetorical question- another rhetorical device- because there is an expected answer, one that the writer or speaker will immediately give to you. Hypophora serves to ask a question the audience may have (even if they’re not entirely aware of it yet) and provide them with an answer. This answer can be obvious, but it can also be a means of leading the audience toward a particular point. Take this sample from John F. Kennedy’s speech on going to the moon: But why, some say, the moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? Why does Rice play Texas? We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too. In this speech, Kennedy outright states that he’s asking questions others have asked, and then goes on to answer them. This is Kennedy’s speech, so naturally it’s going to reflect his point of view, but he’s answering the questions and concerns others might have about going to the moon. In doing so, he’s reclaiming an ongoing conversation to make his own point. This is how hypophora can be incredibly effective: you control the answer, leaving less room for argument! Litotes Litotes is a deliberate understatement, often using double negatives, that serves to actually draw attention to the thing being remarked upon. For example, saying something like, â€Å"It’s not pretty,† is a less harsh way to say â€Å"It’s ugly,† or â€Å"It’s bad,† that nonetheless draws attention to it being ugly or bad. In Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: an American Slave, he writes: â€Å"Indeed, it is not uncommon for slaves even to fall out and quarrel among themselves about the relative goodness of their masters, each contending for the superior goodness of his own over that of the others.† Notice the use of â€Å"not uncommon.† Douglass, by using a double negative to make readers pay closer attention, points out that some slaves still sought superiority over others by speaking out in favor of their owners. Litotes draws attention to something by understating it. It’s sort of like telling somebody not to think about elephants- soon, elephants becomes all they can think about. The double negative draws our attention and makes us focus on the topic because it’s an unusual method of phrasing. Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia refers to a sound represented within text as a mimicry of what that sound actually sounds like. Think â€Å"bang† or â€Å"whizz† or â€Å"oomph,† all of which can mean that something made that kind of a sound- †the door banged shut†- but also mimic the sound itself- †the door went bang.† This rhetorical device can add emphasis or a little bit of spice to your writing. Compare, â€Å"The gunshot made a loud sound,† to â€Å"The gun went bang.† Which is more evocative? Parallelism Parallelism is the practice of using similar grammar structure, sounds, meter, and so on to emphasize a point and add rhythm or balance to a sentence or paragraph. One of the most famous examples of parallelism in literature is the opening of Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way- in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only." In the beginning, every phrase begins with â€Å"It was,† which is itself a parallelism. But there are also pairs of parallelism within the sentence, too; â€Å"It was the ___ of times, it was the ___ of times,† and â€Å"it was the age of ___, it was the age of ___.† Parallelism draws your reader deeper into what you’re saying and provides a nice sense of flow, even if you’re talking about complicated ideas. The ‘epoch of incredulity’ is a pretty meaty phrase, but Dickens’ parallelism sets up a series of dichotomies for us; even if we don’t know quite what it means, we can figure it out by comparing it to ‘belief.’ Personification Personification is a rhetorical device you probably run into a lot without realizing it. It’s a form of metaphor, which means two things are being compared without the words like or as- in this case, a thing that is not human is given human characteristics. Personification is common in poetry and literature, as it’s a great way to generate fresh and exciting language, even when talking about familiar subjects. Take this passage from Romeo and Juliet, for example: â€Å"When well-appareled April on the heel Of limping winter treads.† April can’t wear clothes or step on winter, and winter can’t limp. However, the language Shakespeare uses here is quite evocative. He’s able to quickly state that April is beautiful (â€Å"well-appareled†) and that winter is coming to an end (â€Å"limping winter†). Through personification, we get a strong image for things that could otherwise be extremely boring, such as if Shakespeare had written, â€Å"When beautiful April comes right after winter.† Procatalepsis Procatalepsis is a rhetorical device that anticipates and notes a potential objection, heading it off with a follow-up argument to strengthen the point. I know what you’re thinking- that sounds really complicated! But bear with me, because it’s actually quite simple. See how that works? I imagined that a reader might be confused by the terminology in the first sentence, so I noted that potential confusion, anticipating their argument. Then, I addressed that argument to strengthen my point- procatalepsis is easy, which you can see because I just demonstrated it! Anticipating a rebuttal is a great way to strengthen your own argument. Not only does it show that you’ve really put thought into what you’re saying, but it also leaves less room for disagreement! Synecdoche Synecdoche is a rhetorical device that uses a part of something to stand in for the whole. That can mean that we use a small piece of something to represent a whole thing (saying ‘let’s grab a slice’ when we in fact mean getting a whole pizza), or using something large to refer to something small. We often do this with sports teams–for example, saying that New England won the Super Bowl when we in fact mean the New England Patriots, not the entirety of New England. This style of rhetorical device adds an additional dimension to your language, making it more memorable to your reader. Which sounds more interesting? â€Å"Let’s get pizza,† or â€Å"let’s grab a slice?† Likewise, consider this quote from Percy Bysshe Shelly’s â€Å"Ozymandias†: â€Å"Tell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,The hand that mocked them.† Here, Shelly uses ‘the hand’ to refer to the sculptor. The hand did not sculpt the lifeless things on its own; it was a tool of the sculptor. But by using just the hand, Shelly avoids repeating ‘the sculptor,’ preserves the poem’s rhythm, and narrows our focus. If he had referred to the sculptor again, he’d still be a big important figure; by narrowing to the hand, Shelly is diminishing the idea of the creator, mirroring the poem’s assertion that the creation will outlast it. Poes' bells are a great example of a tautology. Tautology Tautology refers to using words or similar phrases to effectively repeat the same idea with different wording. It’s a form of repetition that can make a point stronger, but it can also be the basis of a flawed argument- be careful that your uses of tautology is the former, not the latter! For example, take this section of â€Å"The Bells† by Edgar Allen Poe: â€Å"Keeping time, time, time,In a sort of Runic rhyme†¦From the bells, bells, bells, bells.† Poe’s poetry has a great deal of rhythm already, but the use of ‘time, time, time’ sets us up for the way that ‘bells, bells, bells, bells’ also holds that same rhythm. Keeping time refers to maintaining rhythm, and this poem emphasizes that with repetition, much like the repetitive sound of ringing bells. An example of an unsuccessful tautology would be something like, â€Å"Either we should buy a house, or we shouldn’t.† It’s not a successful argument because it doesn’t say anything at all- there’s no attempt to suggest anything, just an acknowledgment that two things, which cannot both happen, could happen. If you want to use tautology in your writing, be sure that it’s strengthening your point. Why are you using it? What purpose does it serve? Don’t let a desire for rhythm end up robbing you of your point! Thesis That thing your English teachers are always telling you to have in your essays is an important literary device. A thesis, from the Greek word for ‘a proposition,’ is a clear statement of the theory or argument you’re making in an essay. All your evidence should feed back into your thesis; think of your thesis as a signpost for your reader. With that signpost, they can’t miss your point! Especially in longer academic writing, there can be so many pieces to an argument that it can be hard for readers to keep track of your overarching point. A thesis hammers the point home so that no matter how long or complicated your argument is, the reader will always know what you’re saying. Tmesis Tmesis is a rhetorical device that breaks up a word, phrase, or sentence with a second word, usually for emphasis and rhythm. We often do this with expletives, but tmesis doesn’t have to be vulgar to be effective! Take this example from Romeo and Juliet: â€Å"This is not Romeo, he’s some other where.† The normal way we’d hear this phrase is â€Å"This is not Romeo, he’s somewhere else.† But by inserting the word ‘other’ between ‘some’ and ‘where,’ it not only forces us to pay attention, but also changes the sentence’s rhythm. It gets the meaning across perfectly, and does so in a way that’s far more memorable than if Shakespeare had just said that Romeo was somewhere else. For a more common usage, we can turn to George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion, which often has Eliza Doolittle using phrases like â€Å"fan-bloody-tastic† and â€Å"abso-blooming-lutely.† The expletives- though mild by modern standards- emphasize Eliza’s social standing and make each word stand out more than if she had simply said them normally. What’s Next? Rhetorical devices and literary devices can both be used to enhance your writing and communication. Check out this list of literary devices to learn more! Ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos are all modes of persuasion- types of rhetorical devices- that can help you be a more convincing writer! No matter what type of writing you're doing, rhetorical devices can enhance it! To learn more about different writing styles, check out this list!

Examining the Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing

Examining the Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing Like many issues in public education, standardized testing can be a controversial topic among parents, teachers, and voters. Many people say standardized testing provides an accurate measurement of student performance and teacher effectiveness. Others say such a one-size-fits-all approach to assessing academic achievement can be inflexible or even biased. Regardless of the diversity of opinion, there are some common arguments for and against standardized testing in the classroom. Standardized Testing Pros Proponents of standardized testing say that it is the best means of comparing data from a diverse population, allowing educators to digest large amounts of information quickly. They argue that: Its accountable.  Probably the greatest benefit of standardized testing is that educators and schools are responsible for teaching students what they are required to know for these standardized tests. This is mostly because these scores become public record, and teachers and schools that don’t perform up to par can come under intense examination. This scrutiny can lead to the loss of jobs. In some cases, a school can be closed or taken over by the state. Its analytical.  Without standardized testing, this comparison would not be possible. Public school students in Texas, for example, are required to take standardized tests, allowing test data from Amarillo to be compared to scores in Dallas. Being able to accurately analyze data is a primary reason that many states have adopted the Common Core state standards. Its structured.  Standardized testing is accompanied by a set of established standards or an instructional framework to guide classroom learning and test preparation. This incremental approach creates benchmarks to measure student progress over time. Its objective.  Standardized tests are often scored by computers or by people who do not directly know the student to remove the chance that bias would affect the scoring. Tests are also developed by experts, and each question undergoes an intense process to ensure its validity- that it properly assesses the content- and its reliability, which means that the question tests consistently over time. Its granular.  The data generated by testing can be organized according to established criteria or factors, such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and special needs. This approach provides schools with data to develop targeted programs and services for improving student performance. Standardized Testing Cons Opponents of standardized testing say educators have become too fixated on scores and preparing for these exams. Some of the most common arguments against testing are: Its inflexible.  Some students may excel in the classroom yet not perform well on a standardized test because theyre unfamiliar with the format or develop test anxiety. Family strife, mental and physical health issues, and language barriers can all affect a students test score. But standardized tests dont allow personal factors to be taken into consideration. Its a waste of time.  Standardized testing causes many teachers to teach to the tests, meaning they only spend instructional time on material that will appear on the test. Opponents say this practice lacks creativity and can hinder a student’s overall learning potential. It cant measure true progress.  Standardized testing only evaluates one-time performance instead of a students progress and proficiency over time. Many would argue that teacher and student performance should be evaluated for growth over the course of the year instead of one single test. Its stressful.  Teachers and students alike feel test stress. For educators, poor student performance may result in a loss of funding and teachers being fired. For students, a bad test score may mean missing out on admission to the college of their choice or even being held back. In Oklahoma, for example, high school students  must pass four standardized tests  in order to graduate, regardless of their GPA. (The state gives seven standardized  end-of-instruction (EOI) exams in Algebra I, Algebra II, English II, English III, Biology I, geometry and U.S. history. Students  who fail to pass at least four of these exams  can’t get a high school diploma.) Its political.  With public and charter schools both competing for the same public funds, politicians and educators have come to rely even more on standardized test scores. Some opponents of testing argue that low-performing schools are unfairly targeted by politicians who use academic performance as an excuse to further their own agendas.

Cyber Crime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cyber Crime - Research Paper Example Cyber crimes have brought massive loss of funds and relevant authorities should formulate measures in order to address the situation. Consumers and businessmen have continued to face the problem of cyber crime as the legitimate uses of the internet have become more sophisticated and diversified. The crime that started in the late 1990’s as a form of social engineering whereby criminals would steal passwords for consumers account with the intent of getting free connectivity has acquired significant growth and expansion into a profitable industry with the new forms of crime. These forms are monetary theft, identity theft, extortion, money laundering and industrial espionage among other crimes (Ionescu, Mirea and Blajan p.375). The criminals who undertake various forms of cyber crimes operate from almost anywhere whereby they target businesses and people in all countries. There are many challenges that are posed by the volume and the scale of cybercrimes. Moreover, the technical complexity in identification of the cyber criminals makes it hard for the criminals to be brought to justice. The increase in the number of internet users and the nature in which most businesses are conducted online has enabled cyber criminals to increase their opportunities. Furthermore, law agencies have not formulated comprehensive mechanisms of addressing the issue of cyber crimes and the traditional type of policing that exists in many countries is incapable of apprehending the cyber criminals (Ionescu, Mirea and Blajan p.375). There are major types of cyber crimes. Vandalism of services concerned with telecommunication is one of the many forms of cyber crimes. This form has become a major industry whereby criminals are able to access circuits, make their calls and sell airtime to third parties. Moreover, the criminals have been able to access the telecommunication systems through impersonation of the technicians. This is achieved using software

Global marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global marketing - Essay Example This marketing essay, therefore, aims to provide more insight on some of the key elements of global marketing such as the development of the global trade, as well as the growth of the world economy. Moreover, the essay critically assesses the interrelationship that exists between the aforementioned aspects of the global market. According to (Westerfield 2004, pg. 19) global marketing is wider than earlier presumed as it involves the processes of planning, producing, placing and promoting goods and services across international markets. Market globalization has majorly been proliferated by the advancement in information technology as well as the inroads made by the transport industry. In as much as organizations that deal with universal demands such as food and automobiles are some of the most notable institutions that have over time embraced market globalization, the current level of global competition often prompts countless establishments to venture into international markets. This is majorly because organizations that function domestically often face competition from other industry players who have opted to go international. Westerfield further asserts that it is imperative for the administrations of various organizations to be conclusive in carrying market analysis before beginning operations in fresh markets. This is majorly because some of the business approaches that are successful in an economy may not bring forth similar returns in a different market. Apart from making our daily activities more efficient, the advancements in both information technology and transport have opened various global economies to international trade. (Nanda 2011, pg. 108) reaffirms that the establishment of a free and liberal economy is by all standards the first step towards ensuring growth. In as much as the previous generations did not fully embrace it, the practice of international trade has been documented in various histories as demonstrated by the Trans-Atlantic trade

Analysis of the Reptile Garden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of the Reptile Garden - Essay Example When viewed in retrospect, it becomes evident that the incident of Anais getting locked in the garden room was of central importance to the development of her character, and to the different events that befell her later in her life. Although she denies this towards the end of the story, her ingestion of the drug and getting locked in the garden room was a transition point in he life. The most intriguing feature of this episode is the appearances of reptiles, followed by amphibians, that led to Anais getting scared and crying. Since the title of the story is also related to this garden room full of reptiles, this episode is of central importance to the story, so it would be discussed first. There could be several interpretations of this incident. The focus on the appearance of reptiles, with a subsequent transition to amphibians could denote the process of evolution from one species to the next, higher level of species. The writer could have used this approach to make an analogy for t he development and evolution of the Anais’ personality and character. This could be a way of depicting her growth as a person, and her development into the individual that she was meant to be. So she came out of that room a changed and evolved person, who was now had different aims and a different approach to life. Another explanation could simply be that Anais got terrified and disturbed due to her experience in the garden room; her loneliness, her exposure to animals, insects and other reptiles, her unhealthy condition due to the ingestion of the acid that was given to her by her cousin, and her sheer sadness that led her to weep alone in the room. Being subjected to such adverse experiences, she came out of that room a terrified and weak person, who was paranoid and always scared for her safety, since she â€Å"couldn’t stop shaking at the slightest unexpected movement† (Erdrich). This deterioration of her personality could have been the reason for her extrem e attachment to Nonette later, and even made her wonder why she got so weak when her parent’s love for her was so strong (Erdrich). A third interpretation of the episode could be that the incident broke her free from her habits, her compulsive attitude_ the evidence of which comes from her uncontrolled habit of cleaning the bathroom, even at midnight_ and the self-absorbing shell that she had encased herself into to keep the world at bay; and led her to experience new activities and desires that she had perhaps not allowed herself to experience before. It made her more reckless and carefree, and more spirited to live life in a manner different from what she was accustomed to and had been trained for. Perhaps the best explanation is the combination of the former two. It is evident that she was frightened by her experience in the garden room. Considering the emphasis placed on the appearances of the different animals, and the writer’s special mention of the appearance of first reptiles and then amphibians, it can be deduced that the Anais, after emerging from the room, had evolved into a scared, weak, and overall different person from a focused, stable individual who went into the room. The next intriguing event is Anais’ statement about Nonette, when she muses â€Å"

How the world works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How the world works - Essay Example the student the ability and skill set to effectively analyze and draw connections and conclusions based upon a variety of different sources of material. For purposes of this brief analysis, the student will engage with film documentaries. Through such a unit of analysis, it is the hope of this analyst that the unifying theme of green as it relates to the human condition will be effectively demonstrated. Although it is inherently true that each of the documentaries focuses upon a different aspect of human greed, oftentimes wholly and completely disassociated from the other documentaries represented, they all nonetheless exhibit key issues related to the human condition and the means by which human greed threatens to have a severely negative impact upon the overall quality and existence of life for tens of millions of individuals around the world. In terms of the first documentary/film that will be analyzed, â€Å"Blue Gold: World Water Wars†, the filmmaker begins the discussion by representing the way in which liquid water forms the fundamental basis of all biological life. From such a basic scientific interpretation, it is easily understandable that the availability and existence of liquid water throughout the world, and its overall purity levels, contribute directly to the possibility for certain individuals, races, and regions, to develop as compared to others. From the outset, the film indicates the fact that the disparity within certain regions and between different parts of the world, in terms of overall existence and usage of water is ultimately a predicate of the wealth that individuals within these regions/nations are able to exhibit. Illustrating the case of California, the filmmaker makes the case that the regions which received a disproportionately larger share of water resources are inherently those that haven’t overall higher income as compared to the average of incomes within other regions (Bozzo, 2010). Expanding this to a more supra-national

Unit 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 1 - Essay Example The research is based on S-O-R framework where it is assumed that response is generated when virtual stimuli impacts organismic experience in virtual world. The research objective was to show as to how the spatial dynamics influence purchase behavior in virtual world. The questionnaires are filled by inhabitants of virtual world, called Second Life through links posted on various web site or forums of virtual world. Sun (2009) asserts that mixed methods are more efficient as businesses are complex. But at the same time, it is equally important to understand the basic purpose of the study: whether it is intended to address particular issue/ area for specific organization; or the research is required to address the problem of the industry in general. The study illustrates the fact that research criteria and methodologies in virtual worlds are also driven by the same research imperatives. The only difference is that validity of research elements could not be ascertained. Though study lacked cohesive design that could integrate the abstract concepts with the observable values, the inductive logic and scientific methods proved be hugely facilitating mechanism to identify trend and behavioral pattern. Research problems have to be specific as they help in focusing on the core research need in the chosen area of research. Identifying and understanding research problems also provide one with the implicit and explicit knowledge to integrate requisite theories and evolve effective research epistemology of research. Brainstorming the research topic helps to refine the questions and explore key potential areas of core problems that would help in the research. Most importantly, they help to raise critical aspects of research imperatives that could have significant impact on the academia. Brause (2000:47) says that ‘you do not start by writing your dissertation. You start by identifying

How the world works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How the world works - Essay Example the student the ability and skill set to effectively analyze and draw connections and conclusions based upon a variety of different sources of material. For purposes of this brief analysis, the student will engage with film documentaries. Through such a unit of analysis, it is the hope of this analyst that the unifying theme of green as it relates to the human condition will be effectively demonstrated. Although it is inherently true that each of the documentaries focuses upon a different aspect of human greed, oftentimes wholly and completely disassociated from the other documentaries represented, they all nonetheless exhibit key issues related to the human condition and the means by which human greed threatens to have a severely negative impact upon the overall quality and existence of life for tens of millions of individuals around the world. In terms of the first documentary/film that will be analyzed, â€Å"Blue Gold: World Water Wars†, the filmmaker begins the discussion by representing the way in which liquid water forms the fundamental basis of all biological life. From such a basic scientific interpretation, it is easily understandable that the availability and existence of liquid water throughout the world, and its overall purity levels, contribute directly to the possibility for certain individuals, races, and regions, to develop as compared to others. From the outset, the film indicates the fact that the disparity within certain regions and between different parts of the world, in terms of overall existence and usage of water is ultimately a predicate of the wealth that individuals within these regions/nations are able to exhibit. Illustrating the case of California, the filmmaker makes the case that the regions which received a disproportionately larger share of water resources are inherently those that haven’t overall higher income as compared to the average of incomes within other regions (Bozzo, 2010). Expanding this to a more supra-national

Practical Guide to Environmental Management Essay

Practical Guide to Environmental Management - Essay Example The concept of environmental corporate responsibility is one that is first defined in this book as one that has to be set within the internal and external environment. The author notes that sustainable development with environmental responsibility will not be effective unless policies and internal settings take place. The focus is to change the performance within a company specifically by developing policies and implementing regulations with the environmental practices in the work area. The policies include changing the use of environmental resources as well as monitoring and managing the different environmental needs. The author also states that the policies and implementation within the workforce should directly impact the stakeholders and the external environment, specifically by allowing the corporate responsibility to be seen by stakeholders who can then support the trends and direct action taken (Friedman, 80). The author doesn’t only focus on environmental issues such as saving in resources. It is also noted that corporate responsibility should incorporate changes in the process of creating products, examining the management of a certain area and enhancing the system used for better safety and environment. The environmental issues then become directly linked to the corporate culture and the ability to enhance what is being done within a corporation. The responsibility of management is to implement the policies for environmental changes and to be credible for both environmental damage and enhancement that is within the corporate culture. The suggestions that the author makes are to create policies and to implement these at various levels.  

Social Contract Essay Example for Free

Social Contract Essay Is the aim of the social contract to establish freedom, equality or merely ‘peace’? How far is it successful, and at what cost? (Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau) The Social Contract is a theory that originated during the Enlightenment, which addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. Social contract arguments typically posit that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or the decision of a majority, in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. Its main proponents were Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau. However, while they all advocated a social contract their formulations and ideas about it do differ to some extent. This essay will attempt to argue that Hobbes hoped his social contract would establish peace, amongst naturally competitive men; whilst Rousseau valued securing freedom and Locke wanted it to secure rights for people and stop them living in fear. However, all of these do come at some price, namely the cost of some liberties, however, as Locke agreed what was important was that relative to the state of nature, man now lived in a better, freer, more equal and peaceful society. The first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed contract theory was Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679). According to Hobbes, the lives of individuals in the state of nature were ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short’ (Leviathan. Ch13. p89), a state in which self-interest and the absence of rights prevented the social, or society. Life was anarchic, without leadership or the concept of a sovereign. Individuals in the state of nature were apolitical and asocial. Thus for Hobbes the state of nature is necessarily followed by the social contract. He believed the social contract would involve individuals ceding some of their individual rights so that others would cede theirs. This resulted in the establishment of the state, a sovereign entity like the individuals now under its rule used to be, which would create laws to regulate social interactions, in the hope that human life would no longer be ‘a war of all against all. ’ (Leviathan. Ch13. p89). Thus Hobbes attempts to prove the necessity of the Leviathan for preserving peace and preventing civil war, thus he is most concerned with securing a safe, protected state for man. This is necessary because Hobbes has a negative view of man. He claims we are merely motivated by what he calls ‘aversion’ and ‘appetite. ’ (Leviathan. Ch6. p38) due to his belief that humans are all ‘self-seeking individuals, with no pre-disposition to cooperate with others or help them unless it is within their own interests. ’ (Trigg. 1988. ) Thus the ‘general inclination of all mankind (is) a perpetual and restless desire of power after power, that ceaseth only in death’ (Leviathan. Ch11. p70) and that ‘men are continually in competition for honour and dignity. (Leviathan. Ch17. p119) Thus the social contract becomes necessary as a way of reducing such competition and securing peace. Furthermore, Hobbes believes it is possible to mitigate this competition with reference to his laws of nature. The first that we ‘seek peace, and follow it’ (Leviathan. Ch14. p92) as it would clearly never be advantageous for us to reside in an insecure society, where we constantly feared being destroyed and competed with, as Hobbes writes, ‘that every man, ought to endeavour peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it. ’ (Leviathan. Ch14. 92) This is successful and Hobbes has a strong point here, we can agree that we are stronger as a group and that it is prudent to ‘confer all power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices into one will’ (Leviathan. Ch17. p126) This is clear in the modern day, we elect those people we wish to represent our will, we do not all feel a need to self-govern. So although we are defined by our power and competitiveness in the state of nature, we will value peace and security so necessarily opt for this contract. Furthermore Hobbes second fundamental law of nature is ‘that a man be willing, when others are so too, as far as for peace and defence of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this right to all things; and be contented with so much liberty against other men as he would allow other men against himself’ (Leviathan. Ch14. p92). This idea of mutual contracts concords with the ideas of Locke’s and Rousseau’s social contracts, that people would choose to live in society to maintain or create freedom and uphold natural values. However, for Hobbes, men cannot know good and evil, and in consequence can only live in peace together by subjection to the absolute power of a common master, thus a cost of Hobbes’ social contract is that man is now subjected to absolute rule and appears to lose more of his freedoms than either Locke or Rousseau deemed necessary, yet for Hobbes this is the only way to ensure peace, despite it seeming that such controlled rule would only engender disagreement and revolt. Hobbes theory has implications and his work emphasises some important aims of humanity, especially that peace is worth having at any cost, ‘a view Hobbes wants us to adopt after his reasoning in Leviathan. ’ It is common sense that without the base instinct of survival and survival itself, nothing else would be truly possible. (Bagby. 2009. p47) Furthermore Hobbes discusses fear as the basis of the existence of the state and although our world is a very different context to the world Hobbes experienced, Professor Ginzburg ‘does not see any change in the fear factor that sustains authority. (Kumar. 2007) However, John Locke, although another social contract theorist, his conception differed from Hobbes in several fundamental ways, retaining only the central notion that persons in a state of nature would willingly come together to form a state. Locke believed that individuals in a state of nature would be bound morally, by the Law of Nature, not to harm each other in their lives or possession, but without government to defend them against those seeking to injure or enslave them; people would have no security in their rights and would live in fear, rather like Hobbes suggested. Locke argued that individuals would agree to form a state that would provide a ‘neutral judge’ (Locke. 2003) acting to protect the lives, liberty, and property of those who lived within it. While Hobbes argued for near-absolute authority, Locke argued for inviolate freedom under law in his Second Treatise of Government. Locke argued that governments legitimacy comes from the citizens delegation to the government of their right of self-defence of ‘self-preservation; (Locke. 2003). The government thus acts as an impartial, objective agent of that self-defence, rather than each man acting as his own judge, jury, and executioner, the condition in the state of nature. In this view, government derives its ‘just powers from the consent (delegation) of the governed. ’ (Locke. 2003) Furthermore, for Locke peace is the norm, and should be the norm. We can and should live together in peace by refraining from molesting each other’s property and persons, and for the most part we do. Yet it is clear in Hobbes that he believes man is naturally self-interest and will compete for resources. Locke’s fundamental target is political absolutism, understood as the exercise of power unconstrained by law or by any procedures for settling disputes between rulers and ruled. (Boucher. 2003. p. 184) Where Hobbes argued that absolute power was necessary to keep the peace between humans; instead Locke insists the point of political institutions is ‘to avoid, and remedy those inconveniences of the State of Nature, which necessarily follow from every Man’s being judge in his own case. (Locke. SecondTreatise. 2003) as Locke believed humans were born free and that by nature human beings are one another’s equals, so should not be dominated or restrained to the extent of Hobbes. These inconveniences, such as a social atmosphere of miserable uncertainty are not solved by subjecting all but one person in society to the rule of law. Thus Locke believed that peo ple would be worse off under absolute power than they would in the uncertain mercy of other’s judgement, so he did not advocate this. Locke’s contract aims to benefit individuals, it is an individualised functionalism. Thus for Locke an institution that is detrimental to individuals, relative to what they might secure on their own without government, is illegitimate, as ‘no rational creature can be supposed to change his condition with an intention to be worse. ’ (Locke. Second Treatise. 2003) Furthermore, Rousseau (1712–1778), in his influential 1762 treatise The Social Contract, outlined a different version of social contract theory. Rousseau’s social contract can be summarised as, ‘each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and in a body we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole. ’ (Rousseau. Social Contract. 2002). For Rousseau the fundamental aim of the social contract is to establish freedom, believing that liberty was possible only where there was direct rule by the people as a whole in law making, where popular sovereignty was indivisible and inalienable. However, people also desire the advantages of living in a society, because it is only as a citizen that man can fulfil himself and become virtuous. ‘Man was born free, but he is everywhere in chains. ’ (Social Contract. p. 141). Thus Rousseau aimed to create a political and social order where this contradiction would be resolved, the key purpose being ‘to find a form of association that defends and protects with all common forces the person and goods of each associate, and by means of uniting with all, nevertheless obeys only himself, and remains as free as before. (Social Contract. p. 148). For Rousseau the answer lay in the social contract. Thus everyone entering into civil association must give up his rights to the whole community; this is the ‘cost’ for Rousseau. Yet there are benefits too, as Rousseau argued ‘this passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces quite a remarkable change in man, for it substitutes justice for instinct in his behaviour and gives his actions a moral quality they previously lacked. ’ (Social Contract. p. 150). This is successful because the whole citizen body is the sovereign, thus is cannot have interests contrary to the individuals who comprise it (Boucher. 2003. p. 247) as ‘the sovereign need give no guarantee to the citizens ‘the sovereign by the mere fact it exists, is always all that is should be. ’ (Social Contract. p. 150). Additionally, Rousseau rejected Hobbes’ view that man is self-seeking and competitive by nature. (Boucher. 2003. p. 240) However his notion does have similarities with Hobbes. For Rousseau, in contrast with Locke, the state of nature is neither a social nor moral condition (Boucher. 2003. p. 241) and in fact nature gives us no sanction for legitimate authority, rather it is the condition where no one has a right to rule over another. There is no justice or injustice, man is merely solitary and self-sufficient. Furthermore Rousseau is hoping to diminish the dependence of man, however this cannot be done in its entirety; rather one form of dependence can be substituted for another. Boucher. 2003. p. 251) Rousseaus political theory differs in important ways from that of Locke and Hobbes. Rousseaus collectivism is most evident in his development of the ‘luminous conception’ (which he credited to Diderot) of the general will. Rousseau argues a citizen cannot pursue his true interest by being an egoist but must instead subordinate himself to the law created by the citizenry acting as a collective. Rousseaus striking phrase that man must be forced to be free’ (Social Contract) reveals that the indivisible and inalienable popular sovereignty decides what is good for the whole, then if an individual lapses back into his ordinary egoism and disobeys the leadership, he will be forced to listen to what they decided as a member of the collective, as citizens. Thus, the law, in as much as it is created by the people acting as a body, is not a limitation of individual freedom, but its expression. Moreover, Rousseau believed that the laws that govern a people helped to mould their character, so law is a civilizing force. Laws represent the restraints of civil freedom; they represent the leap made from humans in the state of nature into civil society. Thus enforcement of law, which may seem a ‘cost’ in his contract theory, is actually not a restriction on individual liberty, as the individual, as a citizen, explicitly agreed to be constrained. Ultimately the social contracts of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau are successful for the conception of man in the state of nature that each held; however due to this they all had varying aims. For Hobbes, man begins as necessarily competitive and unsocial, thus his contract must aim to establish peace and thus requires absolute rule. However, for Locke, man is by nature a social animal and not purely self-interested, thus securing peace primarily is less important, rather man here retains the right to life and liberty, and gains the right to just, impartial protection of their property, as this is more prudent than each trying to protect their own and living in constant fear. Yet for Rousseau the fundamental aim of the social contract was to establish freedom, as man was naturally free, but was restrained and this freedom needed realising and maintaining. Overall, the social contract of the three thinkers is markedly different, however each is justifiable given their different views of the state of nature and man’s inherent nature, nonetheless there are costs to man’s total freedom as he must give up rights to the rulers and follow new laws, to varying degrees. Fundamentally, the society posited by all three is seen to be an improvement on the state of nature in terms of its freedom, equality and peacefulness.

Knowledge And Practice Toward Breast Self Examination Nursing Essay

Knowledge And Practice Toward Breast Self Examination Nursing Essay Abstract A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the knowledge and practice toward breast self-examination (BSE), among a sample of female nursing student in University Sultan Zainal Abidin Terengganu. Using a purposed questionnaire, a total of 40 nursing student years 2 from Nursing Department completed the questionnaire. The mean age of the respondents was 20 years (SD = 3.7). All of respondent (100%) were single. The percentages of nursing student toward breast cancer and breast self examination were high (95%) seventy seven percent (77.5%) of respondent were practice the breast self examination and only twenty two were not perform breast self examination. most of respondent are not regularly perform breast self examination, only 7.5% do it regularly. the obstacle to perform BSE is not sure how to perform BSE . The study findings suggest that the knowledge is but the practise is must be done regularly because the nurse should teach their client the right way to perform BSE. If the nurse cannot do it in right step how can they will teach their client Chapter 1 Background of study 1. Prevalence and incidence Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in most parts of the world. There is a marked geographical variation in incidence rate.   In 2000, there were 1,050,346 cases reported with 372,969 deaths from breast cancer world-wide. The incidence ranged from an average of 95 per 100,000 in more developed countries to 20 per 100,000 in less developed countries. The incidence (number of new cancers) is steadily increasing.   The statistics are more frightening in countries like the USA where about 184,000 new cases of breast cancer are detected annually. The National Cancer Institute estimates that by age 50, one out of every 50 women will develop breast cancer. By age 80, it will rise to one in 10. If this risk is calculated over their lifetime, one in 8 women will suffer from breast cancer. One in 28 will die of the disease.   One in 3000 women develop breast cancer during pregnancy and pregnant women tend to develop them usually in their 30s. (Only 2% of breast cancers are diagnosed in pregnant women.)   Presented in another way:   Every 3 minutes, one woman is diagnosed with breast cancer (USA) Every 11 minutes, one woman dies from breast cancer (USA) Every year, 30,000 women and 200 men are diagnosed with breast cancer (UK) In countries where rates have been low, especially in Asia, the rate of increase has been the greatest with steep increases in the incidence as well as death rate (mortality).   Adapted from American Cancer Society (2003). Breast Cancer in Malaysia Breast cancer was the commonest overall cancer as well as the commonest cancer in women amongst all races from the age of 20 years in Malaysia for 2003 to 2005. Breast cancer is most common in the Chinese, followed by the Indians and then, Malays and breast cancer formed 31.1% of newly diagnosed cancer cases in women in 2003-2005. Source from the National Cancer Registry The Age Standardized Rate (ASR) of female breast cancer is 47.4 per 100,000 population (National Cancer Registry Report 2003-2005). Amongst the Chinese, it is higher at 59.9 per 100,000 population, for the Indians, the ASR is 54.2 per 100,000 and it is lowest in the Malays at 34.9 per 100,000 population. A woman in Malaysia has a 1 in 20 chance of getting breast cancer in her lifetime The cumulative life time risk of developing breast cancer for Chinese women, Indian women and Malay women were 1 in 16, 1 in 17 and 1 in 28 respectively. The peak incidence appeared to be 50-59 years old. In comparison, the next (2nd) commonest cancer in Malaysian women in 2002 2003 was cancer of the cervix, which only formed 12% and 12.9% respectively of total female cancers. The statistics for Malaysia was sourced from the National Cancer Registry Reports 2002 and 2003. Over time, the pattern of cancers, including breast cancer will be better established. It is only with continued reliable data that important decisions on planning and policy management can be made for Malaysia. Estimates by the International Agency for Research in Cancers reported that in 2000, there were 3825 cases reported and 1707 deaths from breast cancer in Malaysia. Breast cancer is the commonest female malignancy in Malaysia and all over the world. Its incidence in Malaysia in 2000 was 41.9 cases per 100,000. In 2002, 4337 cases of breast cancer were reported to the National Cancer Registry with an incidence rate of 52.8 per 100,000 and accounting for 30.4% of all diagnosed malignancies in Malaysian women. One in 9 Malaysian women has a chance of developing breast cancer. Breast cancer incidence in Malaysia is intermediate between rates of industrialized countries like the US 91/100,000 and developing countries like India 19/100,000. This situation is not permanent since the rate in developing countries is rising as women adopt lifestyles of the developed countries. Disease risk varies by ethnicity. Lifetime risk is 1 in 24 for Malays, 1 in 14 for the Chinese, and 1 in 15 for Indians. The age at diagnosis shows an opposite pattern being highest in the Indians and lowest in the Malays. The differences among ethnic groups reflect different age st ructures and lifestyle choices (parity, breast feeding practice, diet). Genetic risk factors have not been studies thoroughly in Malaysia. The risk of the disease increases with age being maximal at age 50-59. Women in Malaysia present with larger tumors and at later stages than women in the US. Certain health beliefs, lack of correct information, and inadequate health care facilities are a barrier to routine early detection and treatment of the disease Breast Cancer is easier to treat the earlier it is found. For that reason, some experts recommend that women over age 20 perform a monthly breast self examination to look for new lumps and other changes. Breast self-examination is a simple, very low cost, non-invasive adjuvant screening method for the detection of early breast cancer in women. Its purpose is important in case of a prompt reporting of breast symptoms which are important early detection messages for women of all ages, and to make women familiar with both the appearance and the feel of their breasts as early as possible. There is evidence that women who correctly practice Breast self- examination monthly are more likely to detect a lump in the early stage of its development, and early diagnosis has been reported to influence early treatment and to yield a better survival rate It was found that mortality had fallen by 31%after 6-years for women aged 40-70 at the beginning of the trial. Unfortunately despite the benefits of regular Breast self-examination, few women actually examine themselves; in fact, majority does not even know how to do Breast self examination. Although opinions conflict about the value of Breast Self Examination (BSE) 1.2 Problem statement Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women today and is the most common cancer among women. .Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Malaysian women. There is a marked geographical difference in the worldwide incidence of breast cancer, with a higher incidence in developed countries compared to developing countries. According to Malaysia cancer statistic (data and figure 2006) found that the incidence of breast cancer case according to age between 0-9 years is 1 case, for to age 10-19 years 6 cases and 20-29 years is 78 cases. It is show increase in cases and it happening to all groups. Because of that, it is very important for someone to detect early sign and symptom of breast cancer. All groups should know how to perform Breast self examination Breast self-examination (BSE) is a screening method used in an attempt to detect early breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself looking at and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions or swelling. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a low-cost, low risk procedure that can be repeated at frequent intervals, and has been advocated as a self-performed screening procedure. 1.3 Researcher experience Trough author experience as a staff nurse in hospital and community health author found that many younger women at age 15-24 came to clinic to check the lumps because they dont know how to perform the right technique of breast self examination . Usually at this age they feel shy to expose their breast to be palpable. End of the result the condition becoming worse. And for author experience as a clinical instructor at Nursing department, a few of the student always came with complain of they have a lump at their breast but not sure it is a lump or anything else It is for this reason that the author chose to study students knowledge and practice of breast cancer examination. Having the knowledge of breast cancer could result in seeking medical attention early before complications develop. 1.4 Risk factors and symptoms of Breast cancer 1.4.1 Risk factors and sign symptoms: A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a disease, For example Smoking is a risk factor for cancers of the lung, mouth, larynx, bladder, kidney, and ischemic heart diseases. But having risk factor does not mean than the disease is certain. Risk factors also can be divided into risk determinants and risk modulators. Determinants cannot be changed or influenced on the other hand risk modulators can be changed or influenced. A. Determinant risk factors: Gender: Being a woman is risk factors for breast cancer. Incidence of breast cancer in male is very low. Men account for approximately 1% of all breast cancer cases. Growing age: Incidence of breast cancer is low before 40. In absolute term advancing age is the greatest risk for developing breast cancer. About 17% of the invasive breast cancer diagnoses are women in their 40s.while, 78% of the women diagnoses the same invasive breast cancer when they are in 50s or older Genetic predisposition: Recent studies have shown that about 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are hereditary as a result of gene changes (called mutations). The most common mutations are those of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes Family history of breast cancer: Research has shown that women with a family history of breast cancer have a higher risk for developing the disease. Having 1 first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) with breast cancer approximately doubles a womans risk. Having 2, a first-degree relative increases her risk 5-fold. Personal history of breast cancer: A woman with cancer in one breast has a 3- to 4-fold increased risk of developing a new cancer in the other breast or in another part of the same breast. Early age at menarche and late menopause: Early menarche and late menopause both increase the risk of developing breast cancer. B. Risk modulators (Lifestyle-Related Breast Cancer Risk factors) First birth at late age and low parity: Delaying childbirth or remaining childless increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The higher parities and earlier age at first pregnancy of women in many developing countries might account for lower incidence of breast cancer in relation to developed countries. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): It has become clear that long-term use (several years or more) of postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT), particularly estrogen and progesterone combined, increases risk of breast cancer. Alcohol consumption: Recent studies have shown alcohol consumption increase the risk of breast cancer. In a summary analysis of epidemiologic studies, breast cancer risk increased between 40 and 70 percent with about two drinks daily. Obesity and high-fat diets: The relation between the obesity, high fat intake and breast cancer is complex. Most of the studies found obesity and high fat intake is the risk factors for developing breast cancer. But the relation seems to be not strong or consistent. 1.4.2 Warning symptoms of Breast cancer: Early breast cancer is usually symptom less. But there are some symptoms develop as the cancer advances. Breast lump or breast mass is the main symptoms of the breast cancer.Lump are usually painless, firm to hard and usually with irregular borders. Every lump is not cancerous, sometimes some lumps or swelling in the breast tissue may be due to hormonal changes or benign (not harmful) in nature. Beside these some others symptoms are important, like: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lump or mass in the armpit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A change in the size or shape of the breast à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Abnormal nipple discharge Usually bloody or clear-to-yellow or green fluid May look like pus (purulent) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Change in the color or feel of the skin of the breast, nipple, or areola Dimpled, puckered, or scaly Retraction, orange peel appearance Redness Accentuated veins on breast surface Change in appearance or sensation of the nipple Pulled in (retraction), enlargement, or itching à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Breast pain, enlargement, or discomfort on one side only à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Any breast lump, pain, tenderness, or other change in a man à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Symptoms of advanced disease are bone pain, weight loss, swelling of one arm, and skin ulceration (Source: Medline plus Medical Encyclopedia: Breast Cancer.) 1.5 Research Objective 1.5.1 General Objective: To determine the level of the knowledge and practice toward breast self examination among year 2 female nursing student of University Sultan Zainal Abidin Terengganu 1.5.2 Specific objectives: 1. To determine the level of knowledge regarding breast cancer examination 2. To determine the practice of student on breast self examination. 1.5.3 Expected Benefit The result of this study will identify level of knowledge and practice towards Breast Self Examination among nursing student and how frequent they practice the right steps. This study also will deliver the knowledge about right BSE to the student for them to apply on themselves and to expose the knowledge to the community. 1.5.4 Significance of project Breast cancer is easier to threat the earlier it is found. There is evidence that women who correctly practice Breast Self Examination (BSE) monthly can detect a lump in the early stage of its development, and early stage of its development, and early diagnosis has been reported to influence early treatment and to yield a better survival rate. Unfortunately , despite the benefit of regular BSE ,a few women actually examine themselves , in fact , majority does not even know how to do BSE and opinion conflict about the value of BSEmen who correctly practice Breast Self Examination (BSE) montly can detect a The aim of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge and practice towards Breast Self Examination among nursing student and how frequent they practice the right steps. This study also will deliver the knowledge about right BSE to the student for them to apply on themselves and to expose the knowledge to the community. 1.5.5 Scope of the project Reference population : Student Nursing attending Medical and Health Science Faculty in UnisZA, Kuala Terengganu Study subject : Year 2 Nursing student in nursing Department at Medicine and Health Science in UnisZA during study period (1st January to 31 March ) 1.5.6 Definition of term Student anyone who is learning or someone who attends an educational institution (Wikipedia and free encyclopedia ) Nurse is a healthcare professional, who along with other health care professionals, is responsible for the treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely or chronically ill or injured people, health maintenance of the healthy, and treatment of life-threatening emergencies in a wide range of health care settings (Wikipedia and free encyclopedia ) Knowledge expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject Practice a method of learning by repetition Breast Self Examination is a method of finding abnormalities of the breast, for early detection of breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself looking at and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions or swelling. Chapter 2 Literature Review According to Israa M. Alkhasawneh et al (2008) It is therefore important for nurses as educators to have appropriate information and positive attitude toward early detection of breast cancer. The provision of cancer screening behaviour can be complicated by the fear and uncertainty associated with cancer. Nurses knowledge and awareness of breast cancer screening behaviour would impact patients behaviour by increasing their awareness. Forgetfulness is the most important reason for not performing BSE. Furthermore, the fear of finding a mass, not having self-confidence, not being knowledgeable about how to perform BSE, laziness, and the absence of breast cancer in the family were the other reasons students refrain from the procedure. The main reasons for not performing BSE in the current study also were not know how to perform the examination, not having any previous problems in the breast, forgetfulness, and laziness. Sakine Memis (2009) Nursing profession is one of them, and it is very important for self carefulness to be able to recognize the signs of their own illness. Breast self-examination is an examination that should be perfect for nurses. They have the knowledge of the clinical signs of Breast Cancer and of the examination technique, and they can do it themselves without consulting a physician. Furthermore, they are especially aware of the importance of the early detection of breast cancer for a successful treatment. It has been shown that confidence in ones BSE ability is strongly correlated to BSE practice in the general population. For more emphasis of BSE occurs in the work place and in undergraduate and postgraduate courses, nurses, teaching of BSE to clients may be increased. Also, the provision of BSE educational programs is necessary to increase nurses knowledge, confidence, performance, and teaching of BSE.( Ali Abu-Salem 2007) It is supported by Agghababai sodabeh et al (2006) the nurses have a role for health and nature of the nurse client relationship facilitates opportunities for health education. Breast awareness will not necessarily translate into women becoming more familiar with their own breast tissue, unless they are encouraged to look at and touch the breast as a normal part of self -care health behavior. Regarding to G Ertem, A Kocer a positive correlation was found between nursing work experience and their practice alongside BSE medical professionals. Almost all the nurses knew how to conduct BSE, but did not prioritize practicing it. Nurses have knowledge about breast cancer screening behavior, such as BSE, the rates of performance are not adequate. It is therefore recommended that to increase rates of regular breast cancer screening behavior, mass health protective programs be conducted, especially for female health workers who undertake the responsibility of raising breast cancer prevention and awareness in society.. (2009) Dr.Osama et al Positive correlations were found between nursing work experience and their practice in BSE as working nurses. Studies like these can enhance the knowledge regarding BSE among nurses and other medical professionals. (2007) According to Roupa Z1., et al (2002) the majority of the subjects in student nurse acknowledged the usefulness and the convenience of BSE in the early detection of the breast cancer. The majority of the subjects fail to perform BSE regularly. Considerable percentages of the subjects in student groups have insufficient knowledge of BSE. From Mehregen Hj Mahmoodi et al (2002) Seventy-five percent of the women knew about breast cancer prevalence, but only 27% knew that breast pain is not a symptom of breast cancer. Although 73% of women did know that contact with a relative with breast cancer could not lead to development of breast cancer, the respondents knowledge of risk factors of breast cancer was not satisfactory. With regard to womens attitudes toward BSE, the majority believed that it is not difficult and time consuming or troublesome (63% and 72%, respectively). Sixty-three percent of the respondents claimed that they know how to examine their breasts, but only 6% performed BSE monthly. From study Ozgul Karayurt (2008), 6.7% of the students were performing BSE monthly and 20.3% of the students were performing BSE irregularly. Students knowledge about BSE might have affected their monthly BSE performance. However, only a small number of students who had knowledge about the BSE procedure were performing BSE monthly. The most common reasons for not doing BSE were not knowing how to perform BSE (98.5%), not expecting to get breast cancer (45.6%) and not having a close relative with breast cancer (42.9%).Consistent with the results of this study, in many studies, students noted that they did not perform BSE because they did not know how to perform it [4,29], and that they did not have a family history of breast cancer Chapter 3 Research methodology This chapter contains the research design adopted for the study, a description of the study site, study population, sampling and sample size, data collection tool and method, data analysis, inclusion and exclusion criteria; and ethical considerations. 3.2 Research design A cross- sectional quantitative study was conducted to determine the knowledge and practice of breast self examination. 3,3 Sample size 40 student of year 2 nursing student in department of nursing are selected as a sample for this study 3.4 Sample criteria inclusion criteria female age 18 years above year 2 student exclusion criteria male below 18 years year 1 and 3 student 3.5 Data collection tool and method Data collection was accomplished using administered questionnaire (See appendix A). The questionnaire was divided into 3 major parts. Part 1 Socio demographic data: age, education level, marital status, and number of children.. Coding for part 1: Question 1: Age Question 2: primary = 1, secondary = 2, tertiary = 3, none = 4 Question 3: Single = 1, married = 2, divorced = 3, widowed = 4, separated = 5 Question 4: none = 1, 1-5 = 2, 6-10 = 3, >10 = 4 Part II : Knowledge of breast self examination: Coding for part II Question 5 : S 1- S 5 True = 2 (correct answer ) False = 0 Question 6: S 1 S 10 True -2(correct answer) False = 0 Question 7: S1 true = 2 (correct answer) false = 0 S2 S4 False 2 (correct answer ) , True 0 Question 8 : S1- S3 True =2 (correct answer), false = 0 Question 9 : Yes = 0 No= 2 (correct answer) Question 10 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 11 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 12 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 13 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 14 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 15 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 16: S 1 S 3 True -2(correct answer) False = 0 Question17: S 1 S 2 True -2(correct answer) False = 0 Part 111 : Practice Question 18: Yes = (Practice), no (not practice) Question 27.1: monthly- 1 , every six month 2, yearly- 3 , never practice- 4 Question 27.2: forgetting = 1, not sure how to do it = 2, difficult to perform = 3, never taught how to do it = 4 Data collection was done by the researcher, from Feb. 2011 to Mac 2011 , which is a period of one months. 3.6 Data analysis Questionnaires were coded to suit computer statistical package and data was imported into Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). Analysis was done using SPSS to calculate mean, standard deviation and frequency distribution according to knowledge and practice of breast cancer examination. Questions to assess the knowledge of breast self examinations and the knowledge questions were and the scores were categorizes as follows: 34 = high. The total marks for the knowledge are 70 3.7 Ethical considerations The research was commenced only after receiving the approval of the Research Ethics Committee (MREC) of the Faculty of Health Sciences- University Technology Mara, and the local authority from Dean, Medicine and Health Science Faculty UniSZA, written informed consent was sought from the study participants at the commencement of the study. The aims and objectives of the research were introduced to the participants.. They were informed that their participation was voluntary and they were free to decline from the study at any stage. Participants were assured of their confidentiality while they participated in the study and privacy was maintained by not writing their names on the question CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 4.1.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents Forty female student nursing student are participate in this study .the table of the social demographic characterized are shown on table 1. Majority of the female nursing student are same age, single and same educational level because they are join nursing course after Malaysian Certificated Education (SPM) Table 1 Variables Frequency % Age 0 0% 20 and above 40 100% Education level Secondary 0 0 Tertiary level 40 100% Marital status Single 40 100% Married 0 0 Widowed 0 0 Number of children none 0 0 1-3 0 0 4-5 0 0 >6 0 0 4.1.2 Level of knowledge 4.1.3 Symptoms of breast cancer Very few of the respondents that only 5 (12.5% ) knew that pain is not a symptom of breast cancer. Majority of the respondents 37 (92.5%) knew that lump in the breast is a symptom of breast cancer. The commonest presentation of breast cancer which is a painless breast lump only a third 16(40%) of the respondents knew about it. A very of the respondents 4 (10%) knew about nipple discharge as a symptom of breast cancer, while more of the respondents 35(87.5%) had knowledge on skin changes as shown on table 2 below. Symptom True % False % Pain in the breast 35 87.5 5 12.5 Lump in the breast 37 92.5 3 7.5 Painless lump 16 40 24 60 Nipple discharge 4 10 36 90 Skin changes 35 87.5 5 12.5 (Correct answer are highlighted in bold) 4.1.4 Risk factor of breast cancer Only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) did not knew about family history of breast cancer as a risk factor. That is same with risk factor where only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) knew about never given birth as a risk factor for breast cancer. This also applied to having many children, only one third of the respondents 11(27.5%) knew that it was not a risk factor. More than half of the respondents 30 (75%) knew that advancing age is also a risk factor for breast cancer. More than a half of the respondents 37(92.5%) knew that breast feeding is not a risk factor for breast cancer. Very few of the respondents 5(12.5%) had knowledge that oral contraceptive is a risk factor for breast cancer. Only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) knew that tobacco intake as well as excessive alcohol intake are risk factors for breast cancer respectively. One third of the respondents 12(30%) knew that high dietary intake is a risk factor. Being obese as one of the risk factor and more than half of the respondents 28(70%) knew about it. Thin women is not a risk factor for breast cancer only 19(47.5%) knew about it, as shown on the table 3. Statement true % false % Family history 39 97.5 1 2.5 Never giving birth 1 2.5 39 97.5 Having many children 29 72.5 11 27.5 Advancing age 10 25 30 75 Breast feeding 37 92.5 3 7.5 OCP 5 12.5 35 87.5 Tobacco intake 1 2.5 39 97.5 Excessive alcohol intake 1 2.5 39 97.5 High dietary fat intake 12 30 28 70 Obesity 28 70 12 30 Thin women 21 52.5 19 47.5 (Correct answer are highlighted in bold) 4.1.5 Protective factor of breast cancer Table 4 below shows the protective factors for breast cancer, All of the respondents 40(100%) and most of them knew that breast feeding is a protective factor for breast cancer and they also knew that not to be a breast feeding is not protective factor for breast cancer . The fact that you are young you are protected from the breast cancer, however half of the respondents 22(55%) knew about it. Having first child at older age almost half of the respondents 17(42.5%) knew that it is not a protective factor. Table 4 statement true % false % Breast feeding 40 100 0 O Not to breast feeding 6 15 34 85 Young age 22 55 18 45 Erderly primid 23 57.5 17 42.5 (Correct answer are highlighted in bold) 4.1.6 Method can detect breast cancer Majority of the respondents 39(97.5%), and 38(95%) knew that breast self-examination, clinical breast examination and mammogr